MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PRICING OF PERSONAL MILITARY ACCOUNTING AUDIT AT ENTERPRISES

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25313/economics-2026-3-107-46

Keywords:

pricing, mathematical model, aggregate management risk, personal military registration audit, risk-based approach, martial law

Abstract

Introduction. Under martial law, personnel military registration at enterprises has become an essential component of the system of economic security, workforce resilience, and business continuity. The growing number of regulatory requirements, the increasing liability of enterprise managers, and the rising cost of potential losses necessitate a transition from traditional cost-based approaches to audit pricing toward risk-oriented pricing models that adequately reflect the actual level of managerial risk.

Purpose. To provide a theoretical and methodological foundation for, and to develop, a mathematical pricing model for the audit of personnel military registration at enterprises based on the assessment of aggregate managerial risk.

Materials and Methods. The study employed systemic, structural-functional, logical, economic-mathematical, comparative, and risk-oriented approaches. The research methodology included scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, mathematical modelling, functional analysis, risk aggregation, comparative analysis of mathematical pricing models, and graphical modelling for the visualization of research findings.

Results. For the first time, a mathematical pricing model for the audit of personnel military registration at enterprises has been developed, in which the audit fee is determined as a function of aggregate managerial risk. The structure of aggregate risk has been formalized through the aggregation of local risks defined by the probability of an adverse event, the magnitude of its impact, and the severity of its consequences. Based on a comparative analysis of mathematical pricing models, the suitability of the Cobb–Douglas multiplicative function has been substantiated due to its monotonicity, scalability, economic interpretability of parameters, and the possibility of logarithmic transformation for subsequent statistical calibration. It has been demonstrated that the economic value of an audit of personnel military registration is determined not by the labour intensity of audit procedures but by its ability to reduce the enterprise's aggregate managerial risk. The proposed model establishes a theoretical foundation for the transition to risk-oriented pricing of audit services and may serve as the basis for developing digital audit pricing calculators, automated decision-support systems, and methodologies for the economic justification of specialized audit service fees. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a new risk-oriented approach to pricing the audit of personnel military registration, which, unlike traditional cost-based, hourly, and linear pricing models, is based on the quantitative assessment of aggregate managerial risk using a multiplicative mathematical function. The proposed model may be applied by consulting companies, internal auditors, enterprise economic security units, audit firms, and developers of digital information systems to establish a transparent, economically justified mechanism for determining the price of personnel military registration audits.

Prospects. Future research should focus on the empirical validation of the proposed model, statistical estimation of its parameters, the development of industry-specific methodologies for determining risk coefficients, the creation of digital audit pricing calculators, and the integration of the proposed model into enterprise economic security management systems.

References

Simunic D. A. The Pricing of Audit Services: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Accounting Research. 1980. Vol. 18, No. 1. P. 161–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2490397

DeAngelo L. E. Auditor Size and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 1981. Vol. 3, No. 3. P. 183–199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90002-1

Kaplan S., Garrick B. On the Quantitative Definition of Risk. Risk Analysis. 1981. Vol. 1, No. 1. P. 11–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1981.tb01350.x

Aven T. The Risk Concept—Historical and Recent Development Trends. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2012. Vol. 99. P. 33–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006

ISO 31000:2018. Risk Management—Guidelines. Geneva : International Organization for Standardization, 2018. URL: https://www.iso.org/standard/65694.html (дата звернення: 25.02.2026)

International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF). Altamonte Springs, FL : The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2017. 204 p.

Griffiths P. Risk-Based Auditing. 3rd ed. London : Routledge, 2016. 236 p.

Doherty N. A. Integrated Risk Management: Techniques and Strategies for Managing Corporate Risk. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2000. 646 p.

Hull J. C. Risk Management and Financial Institutions. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. 832 p.

Copeland T. E., Weston J. F., Shastri K. Financial Theory and Corporate Policy. 4th ed. Boston : Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2005. 1000 p.

Cobb C. W., Douglas P. H. A Theory of Production. American Economic Review. 1928. Vol. 18, No. 1. P. 139–165. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811556 (дата звернення: 25.02.2026)

Xue B., O'Sullivan N. The Determinants of Audit Fees in the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the UK: Evidence on the Impact of Risk, Corporate Governance and Auditor Size. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. 2023. Vol. 50. Article 100523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2023.100523

Yeboah E. N., Addai B., Appiah K. O. Audit Pricing Puzzle: Do Audit Firm Industry Specialization and Audit Report Lag Matter? Cogent Business & Management. 2023. Vol. 10, No. 1. Article 2172013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2172013

Subedi M. Principles Based Accounting Standards, Audit Fees and Going Concern: Evidence Using Advanced Machine Learning. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management. 2024. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 308–344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-02-2023-0026

Xu H. Regulatory Intensity and Audit Fees. International Journal of Auditing. 2025. Vol. 29, No. 1. P. 92–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12362

2023 Audit Fees Report. Audit Analytics, 2023. 20 p. URL: https://www.auditanalytics.com/doc/2023_Audit_Fees_Report.pdf (дата звернення: 25.02.2026)

Правдивець О. М. Ризик-орієнтований аудит персонального військового обліку на підприємствах в умовах воєнного стану. Вчені записки Університету «КРОК». 2026. № 1(81). С. 222–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31732/2663-2209-2026-81-222-228

Published

2026-03-31

How to Cite

Pravdyvets О. М. (2026). MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PRICING OF PERSONAL MILITARY ACCOUNTING AUDIT AT ENTERPRISES. Economic Paradigm, (3(107), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.25313/economics-2026-3-107-46

Issue

Section

Статті